WHAT CAUSED self-reflective consciousness in our primate ancestors?
What was the catalyst for language, imagination, conceptual thought and
reason? Scientists, philosophers and academics posit various theories, but
few more radical than that of ethnobotanist and self-styled "psychonaut"
Terence McKenna .

McKenna claimed that human self-awareness is the result of psychedelic
serendipity. His 1992 book  Food of the Gods argues that the accidental
ingestion of psilocybin mushrooms triggered sentience in foraging,
omnivorous apes and led them - us - to put rockets on the moon in the
evolutionary wink of an eye.

So-called "magic" mushrooms and their chemical relative DMT, he insisted,
are not drugs in the common sense but consciousness- expanding tools. It
is our moral duty to utilise them, he believed, in order to bootstrap
ourselves ever further up the evolutionary ladder. "Stronger doses, more
often," was the mantra that led to him being tagged the "Timothy Leary of
the Nineties" - allegedly by Timothy Leary himself.

He extended his theories about psychoactive substances and their
influence on culture and society in his follow-up book, The Archaic Revival
(1992). But perhaps he was at his most convincing - and entertaining -
during the informal lectures that he gave in private homes, and the
chill-out rooms of rave clubs, on his occasional visits to Britain.
A charming, playful and exceptionally erudite raconteur, his epic
discourses on the history of psychedelic evolution - he could talk for hours
without notes, never repeating himself or exhausting his line of argument
- were peppered with amusing anecdotes, classical quotations and a nice
line in self-deprecation.

"I am very uncomfortable with my position in the New Age," he once
stated. "I hate all that stuff - the quartz crystal suppositories and the
channelling of dead Egyptians - it's just an affront to the thinking mind."
Yet his wry humour could also disarm all but the most bitter sceptics. "Is
DMT dangerous?" he once asked rhetorically. "Well, only if you can die of
astonishment."

McKenna asserted that marijuana, DMT and psilocybin, as naturally-
occuring vegetal compounds with a long history of use by shamanic tribal
cultures, were safe for human consumption. However the nature of his
death - suddenly, relatively young, and from glioblastoma multiforma, a
rare form of cerebral cancer - will hardly further his cause. After a brain
seizure last May, doctors discovered that he had a malignant tumour.

Following chemical and radiation therapy he underwent brain surgery at
the end of last year and despite an initial improvement, suffered a rapid
relapse. From the outset he was open about his condition, his website
featuring typically offhand updates: "This is a mad and wild adventure at
the fractal edge of life and death and space and time," he wrote last
summer. "Just where we love to be, right, shipmates?"

Born in 1946 and raised as a Catholic in the Colorado cattle town of
Paonia, McKenna spent much of his youth memorising passages of James
Joyce and studying Carl Jung, in particular Psychology and Alchemy
(1953). He said that his first encounter with psychedelic thought was,
"looking at Colorado and trying to understand that it was once the shores
of an ocean with hundred-foot-long sauropods tromping through the
mangrove swamps".

After moving to Los Altos, California, he settled in San Francisco in 1965
just as the Flower Power movement was beginning to emerge in Haight-
Ashbury. Perhaps unsurprisingly, it was here that he first tried cannabis
and LSD. Subsequently he attended UC Berkeley for two years and
travelled extensively through Asia, Europe and South America before
completing his self-tailored degree in ecology and shamanism in 1975.
After graduating he initially made his living dealing in Asian art.
However, it was during a trip to the Amazon jungle in 1971 that he and
his brother Dennis, a research pharmacologist, first encountered magic
mushrooms and DMT - the drug that McKenna would later describe as a
"megatonnage hallucinogen" and which would shape the rest of his life.

The brothers brought their South American treasure home with them, and
began to cultivate psilocybin mushrooms and spread their mycological
gospel. In 1975, they published their first book, The Invisible Landscape:
mind, hallucinogens and the I Ching, and by the 1980s were growing 70
pounds of fungi every six weeks.

They stopped following a friend's arrest, but by this time McKenna had
begun a new career, lecturing New Agers and old hippies on shamanic
drug use. By the early Nineties he had achieved celebrity with the rave
generation and the so-called psychedelic underground, inspiring the
chart-topping group the Shamen, who used his voice on their early
recordings and sponsored some of his visits to the UK.

McKenna met and married Kathleen Harrison in the mid-1970s, and after
settling near San Francisco they had a son, Finn, and a daughter, Klea.
After divorcing in 1992, McKenna moved to Hawaii, where he founded
Botanical Dimensions, a non-profit organisation dedicated to the
investigation of "ethnomedical" and sacred plants. He also established a
gene bank of rare species near his home - a modernist house with a huge
antenna dish. When he fell ill, McKenna had started a new life with his
partner Christy Silness, whom he had met at an ethnobotanical conference
in Mexico.

"My real function was to give people permission," he said in his last
interview, which will appear in the May issue of Wired magazine.
"Essentially, what I existed for was to say, `Go ahead, you'll live through
it, get loaded, you don't have to be afraid.'"
 
 

(Terence Kemp McKenna, writer and ethnobotanist: born Paonia, Colorado
16 November 1946; married Kathleen Harrison (one son, one daughter;
marriagedissolved 1992); died San Rafael, California 3 April 2000.